January 1 – December 31, 2017 (79 Homicides)

  1. Date: January 4, 2017
        Victim Name: Sorrell Jones, 25
        Alleged Perpetrator: Andrew Davis, 24 
        Relationship: Boyfriend  
        Town: Henderson     County: Vance
        Weapon: Firearm 
  2. Date: January 12, 2017
        Victim Name: Milton Ricardo Graham, 37
        Alleged Perpetrator: Latisha Toloria Johnson, 31
        Relationship: Girlfriend 
        Town: Charlotte     County: Mecklenburg
        Weapon: Knife
  3. Date: January 22, 2017
        Victim Name: Angela Renee Winner, 37
        Alleged Perpetrator: Joseph Koonce, 42
        Relationship: Boyfriend 
        Town: Lumberton     County: Robeson
        Weapon: Firearm
  4. Date: January 29, 2017
        Victim Name: Mary Littrell, 66
        Alleged Perpetrator: Wayne Littrell, 72
        Relationship: Husband 
        Town: Waynesville     County: Haywood 
        Weapon: Firearm
  5. Date: January 30, 2017
        Victim Name: Christine Davis, 46 
        Alleged Perpetrator: Christopher Wilson, 44
        Relationship: Boyfriend 
        Town:Black Mountain     County: Buncombe 
        Weapon: Firearm
  6. Date: February 7, 2017
        Victim Name: Taurus Ferguson, 36
        Alleged Perpetrator: Argentinus Quaye, 37
        Relationship: Girlfriend 
        Town: Winston-Salem     County: Forsyth 
        Weapon: Knife
        Note: Mr. Ferguson had a history of DV against Ms. Quaye who was *not* charged as Ms. Quaye killed Mr. Ferguson
        in self-defense.This homicide is included because it is still the result of domestic violence, Mr. Ferguson’s domestic
        violence. 
  7. Date: February 12, 2017
         
    Victim Name: Latasha Devora Durham, 38
         Alleged Perpetrator: Steve William Smith, 40
         Relationship: Ex-Boyfriend
         Town: Ellerbe      County: Richmond 
         Weapon: Firearm     
  8. Date: February 12, 2017
         Victim Name: Gloria Jean Durham, 68
         Alleged Perpetrator: Steve William Smith, 40
         Relationship: None 
         Town: Ellerbe      County: Richmond 
         Weapon: Firearm 
         Note: Smith killed Gloria Durham, the mother of Smith’s ex-girlfriend, Latasha Durham, in the process of killing
         Latasha Durham.
  9. Date: February 12, 2017
         Victim Name: Samuel Damon Durham, 42
         Alleged Perpetrator: Steve William Smith, 40
         Relationship: None
         Town: Ellerbe      County: Richmond 
         Weapon: Firearm 
         Note: Smith killed Samuel Durham, brother of Smith’s ex-girlfriend, Latasha Durham, in the process of killing
         Latasha Durham. 
  10. Date: March 8, 2017   Murder-Suicide
         Victim Name: Connie Clark Merritt, 67
         Alleged Perpetrator: Wilbur Ray Merritt, 71
         Relationship: Husband
         Town: Red Springs 
         County: Robeson
         Weapon: Firearm
  11. Date: March 7, 2017   
         Victim Name: Angela Smith Tramble, 45
         Alleged Perpetrator: Jeffrey Dwayne Hoppes, 49
         Relationship: Boyfriend
         Town: Maiden
         County: Catawba
         Weapon: Firearm
  12. Date: March 8, 2017   Murder-Suicide
         Victim Name: Elisa Meryl Slutzky, 47
         Alleged Perpetrator: Kenneth Dale Henson, 55
         Relationship: Ex-boyfriend
         Town: Huntersville
         County: Mecklenburg
         Weapon: Firearm
  13. Date: March 12, 2017  Murder-Suicide
         Victim Name: Shanice Williams, 26
         Alleged Perpetrator: Marquis Lineberger, 27
         Relationship: Boyfriend
         Town: Long View
         County: Catawba
         Weapon: Firearm 
  14. Date: March 14, 2017
         Victim Name: Shantell Denise Williams, 42
         Alleged Perpetrator: Joseph Cornell Corbett III, 37
         Relationship: Ex-Boyfriend
         Town: Wilmington
         County: New Hanover
         Weapon: Firearm 
  15. Date: March 17, 2017
         Victim Name: Yesenia Elena McMillon, 27
         Alleged Perpetrator: Corey Daniel Shirley, 30
         Relationship: Ex-boyfriend
         Town: Charlotte
         County: Mecklenburg
         Weapon: Knife
  16. Date: March 17, 2017
         Victim Name: Deandre Terrell Olson, 25
         Alleged Perpetrator: Corey Daniel Shirley, 30
         Relationship: None
         Town: Charlotte
         County: Mecklenburg
         Weapon: Knife
         Note: Mr. Olson was friends with Ms. Yesenia McMillon, Mr. Shirly’s Ex-Girlfriend and was present
         at the time of the attack. 
  17. Date: March 18, 2017
         Victim Name: Charlene Sade Alvarez, 27
         Alleged Perpetrator: Sean Gibson, 28
         Relationship: Boyfriend
         Town: High Point
         County: Guilford
         Weapon: Strangulation
  18. Date: March 22, 2017
     Victim Name: Terry Greenwood, 39
         Alleged Perpetrator: Aaron Stephens, 42  
         Relationship: None
         Town: Monkey Junction
         County: New Hanover
         Weapon: Firearm
         Note: Media reports indicate that Mr. Stephens shot and killed Mr. Greenwood in an altercation over Mr. Stephen’s
         wife who had recently left him. NCCADV includes homicides that but for intimate partner violence/power & control,
         the victim would still be alive.  
  19. Date: March 25, 2017
         Victim Name: Genesis Freeman, newborn
         Alleged Perpetrator: Tillman Freeman III, 30
         Relationship: Father
         Town: Raeford
         County: Hoke County
         Weapon: Knife
         Note: Mr. Freeman killed his two children as a result of intimate partner violence, after accusing his
         wife and mother of his children of cheating. 
  20. Date: March 25, 2017
         Victim Name: Serenity Freeman, 2
         Alleged Perpetrator: Tillman Freeman III, 30
         Relationship: Father
         Town: Raeford
         County: Hoke County
         Weapon: Knife
         Note: Mr. Freeman killed his two children as a result of intimate partner violence, after accusing his
         wife and mother of his children of cheating. 
  21. Date: March 29, 2017
         Victim Name: Christopher Caskey, 35
         Alleged Perpetrator: Josiah Russell Philpott, 34
         Relationship: None
         Town: Mount Holly
         County: Gaston
         Weapon: Firearm                  
         Note: Mr. Caskey was the current live-in boyfriend of Mr. Philpott’s estranged wife who he had committed DV against.
         Mr. Philpott killed Mr. Caskey as a result of DV during a custody exchange.
  22. Date: April 3, 2017   Murder-Suicide
         Victim Name: Eva Jo Jones, 60
         Alleged Perpetrator: Jeffrey Harmon, 42
         Relationship: Estranged Son-in-Law
         Town: Tatums
         County: Columbus
         Weapon: Dismembered
  23. Date: April 3, 2017   Murder-Suicide
          Victim Name: Tiffany Cartwright, 35 
          Alleged Perpetrator: Jeffrey Harmon, 42
          Relationship: Estranged Brother-in-Law
          Town: Tatums
          County: Columbus
          Weapon: Dismembered
          Note: The deaths of Ms. Jones and Ms. Cartwright are included as they are the result of domestic violence. Their
          daughter/sister, Ms. Sara Harmon had just fled Mr. Harmon because he was abusive and they were killed by
          Mr. Harmon when they went to retrieve Sara’s belongings. 
  24. Date: April 5, 2017
         Victim Name: Jennifer Renee Smith, 34
         Alleged Perpetrator: Leroy Anthony Cooper, III, 41
         Relationship: Boyfriend
         Town: Charlotte
         County: Mecklenburg
         Weapon: Unknown
  25. Date: April 25, 2017
         Victim Name: Brittany Ann Fullwood, 34
         Alleged Perpetrator: William Patrick Bernicki, 49
         Relationship: Ex-Boyfriend
         Town: Monkey Junction 
         County: New Hanover 
         Weapon: Firearm
  26. Date: May 3, 2017   Murder-Suicide
          Victim Name: Tiara Clark, 29
          Alleged Perpetrator: Byron Howington, 31
          Relationship: Boyfriend
          Town: Charlotte
          County: Mecklenburg
          Weapon: Firearm
  27. Date: May 6, 2017
         Victim Name: Kenneth Tankson, 40
         Alleged Perpetrator: Whittney Tankson, 28
         Relationship: Wife
         Town: New Bern
         County: Craven
         Weapon: Knife
  28. Date: May 12, 2017  Murder-Suicide
          Victim Name: Kartrina Wright, 35
          Alleged Perpetrator: Torrey Price, 31
          Relationship: Boyfriend
          Town: Durham
          County: Durham
          Weapon: Firearm 
  29. Date: May 13, 2017
         Victim Name: Dean Ripa, 60
         Alleged Perpetrator: Regina Ripa, 40
         Relationship: Wife
         Town: Wimington
         County: New Hanover 
         Weapon: Firearm 
  30. Date: May 14, 2017
         Victim Name: Jacqueline Winstead, 44
         Alleged Perpetrator: James Williams, 63
         Relationship: Boyfriend
         Town: Walstonburg
         County: Greene 
         Weapon: Firearm
  31. Date: May 17, 2017
         Victim Name: Horace Thomas Troublefield, 64
         Alleged Perpetrator: Undisclosed 
         Relationship: Girlfriend
         Town: Selma
         County: Johnston 
         Weapon: Firearm
         Note: Alleged perpetrator may have been acting in self-defense as there does not appear to be any record of
         charges from this incident. 
  32. Date: June 2, 2017
         Victim Name: Michelle Joyner, 36
         Alleged Perpetrator: Michael Allen Joyner, 38 
         Relationship: Husband
         Town: Wilson
         County: Wilson
         Weapon: Ax
  33. Date: June 2, 2017
         Victim Name: Dennis Ray Joyner, 63
         Alleged Perpetrator: Michael Allen Joyner, 38 
         Relationship: Son  
         Town: Wilson
         County: Wilson 
         Weapon: Ax
  34. Date: June 3, 2017
         Victim Name: Archie McGill, 47
         Alleged Perpetrator: Gary James McGill, 51 
         Relationship: Husband  
         Town: Charlotte
         County: Mecklenburg 
         Weapon: Fire
         Note: Ms. McGill died June 3rd of injuries sustained after her husband poured rubbing alcohol on her and set her on
         fire on May 21st. 
  35. Date: June 6, 2017
         Victim Name: Vickie Bradshaw Allen, 45
         Alleged Perpetrator: Andrew Jackson Allen, Jr. 48
         Relationship:   Estranged husband
         Town: High Point
         County: Guilford
         Weapon: Knife
  36. Date: June 6, 2017
         Victim Name: Andrea Mae Allen, 21
         Alleged Perpetrator: Andrew Jackson Allen, Jr., 48 
         Relationship: Father
         Town: High Point
         County: Guilford
         Weapon: Knife
         Note: Ms. Andrea Mae Allen was allegedly murdered by her father during an incident in which he also killed his
         estranged wife, Ms. Allen’s mother, Vickie Bradshaw Allen.
  37. Date: June 13, 2017
         Victim Name: Caleb Adams, 38
         Alleged Perpetrator: Wendy Dawn Hicks, 38
         Relationship:   Ex-Girlfriend
         Town: Randleman
         County: Randolph
         Weapon: Firearm
  38. Date: June 18, 2017
         Victim Name: Shalice Sutton, 31
         Alleged Perpetrator: Matthew Laurence White, 39
         Relationship: Boyfriend
         Town: Fayetteville
         County: Cumberland
         Weapon: Firearm 
  39. Date: June 30, 2017
         Victim Name: Ashley Ann Bell, 34
         Alleged Perpetrator: Mark Aiena, 37
         Relationship: Boyfriend
         Town: Wilmington
         County: New Hanover
         Weapon: Blunt force trauma
  40. Date: July 1, 2017 Murder-Suicide
         Victim Name: Ami Fletcher, 33
         Alleged Perpetrator: Jeremy Wayne Fletcher, 34
         Relationship: Estranged Husband
         Town: Ellendale
         County: Aleander
         Weapon: Firearm (Suicide by hanging)
  41. Date: July 7, 2017
         Victim Name: Heidi May Morton, 35 
         Alleged Perpetrator: Alton Ulysses Morton, Jr., 35
         Relationship: Husband
         Town: Charlotte 
         County: Mecklenburg
         Weapon: Bludgeoned with blunt object 
  42. Date: July 12, 2017
         Victim Name: Trista A. Wilson, 33
         Alleged Perpetrator: Eric Dashaun Dawkins, 23
         Relationship: Boyfriend
         Town: High Point 
         County: Guilford
         Weapon: Knife
  43. Date: July 12, 2017
         Victim Name: Heather Carter, 28
         Alleged Perpetrator: Jimmy Lee Proffitt, II, 28
         Relationship: Ex-Husband
         Town: Fayetteville 
         County: Cumberland 
         Weapon: Firearm 
  44. Date: July 16, 2017
         Victim Name: Deric Fernandza Shaw, 49
         Alleged Perpetrator: Lakesha Nicole Johnson, 40
         Relationship: Girlfriend
         Town: Garner 
         County: Wake
         Weapon: Knife 
  45. Date: July 16, 2017 Murder-Suicide
         
    Victim Name: Naoko Kaup, 84
         Alleged Perpetrator: Milton Kaup, 74
         Relationship: Husband
         Town: Jacksonville
         County: Onslow
         Weapon: Firearm
  46. Date: July 18, 2017
         Victim Name: Tasaria Tasia Glover, 27
         Alleged Perpetrator: Theodore Maurice Parker, 44
         Relationship: Husband
         Town: Greensboro 
         County: Guilford
         Weapon: Strangulation
  47. Date: July 19, 2017
         Victim Name: Freddie Garnell Speaks, 60
         Alleged Perpetrator: Bren Dobson Speaks, 59
         Relationship: Wife
         Town: Yadkinville 
         County: Yadkin
         Weapon: Firearm
  48. Date: July 23, 2017 Murder-Suicide
         Victim Name: Karla Ayde-Garcia Arellano, 23
         Alleged Perpetrator: Javier Garcia Aguilar, 35
         Relationship: Estranged Husband
         Town: Goldsboro 
         County: Wayne
         Weapon: Firearm
  49. Date: July 25, 2017
         Victim Name: Jacqueline Gordon-White, 65
         Alleged Perpetrator: Vurnel Smith Jr., 40 
         Relationship: Estranged son-in-law  
         Town: Charlotte  
         County: Mecklenburg
         Weapon: Firearm
         Note: The death of Ms. Gordon-White is included as it is the result of domestic violence. Her daughter, Keydra Smith filed a DVPO  against Mr. Smith, Jr. two weeks prior. Mr. Smith Jr. killed Ms. Gordon-White during an incident in which he injured his estranged wife, Ms. Keydra Smith. 
  50. Date: July 25, 2017
         Victim Name: Rufus Gordon, 69
         Alleged Perpetrator: Vurnel Smith Jr., 40
         Relationship: Estranged son-in-law
         Town: Charlotte
         County: Mecklenburg 
         Weapon: Firearm
         Note: The death of Mr. Gordon is included as it is the result of domestic violence. His daughter, Keydra Smith
         filed a DVPO against Mr. Smith, Jr. two weeks prior. Mr. Smith, Jr. killed Mr. Gordon during an incident in which he
         injured his estranged wife, Ms. Keydra Smith.
  51. Date: July 29, 2017
         Victim Name: Diamond Zmaria Starr-Reynolds, 29
         Alleged Perpetrator: Johannes Woodard, 25
         Relationship: Boyfriend
         Town: Dunn 
         County: Harnett
         Weapon: Firearm
  52. Date: August 12, 2017
         Victim Name: Jennifer Ann Arrington, 44
         Alleged Perpetrator: Andrew Eugene Meeks, 41
         Relationship: Ex-Boyfriend
         Town: Raleigh 
         County: Wake
         Weapon: Unknown
  53. Date: August 20, 2017
         Victim Name: Israel Oluwasegva, 5
         Alleged Perpetrator: Ebony Oluwasegva, 34
         Relationship: Mother
         Town: Chapel Hill
         County: Orange
         Weapon: Knife
         Note: The child was allegedly killed by Ms. Oluwasegva during an incident in which she repeatedly stabbed her 
         husband, Victor Olowu. The child is included in this count because he was killed during a domestic violence incident.
  54. Date: August 21, 2017
         Victim Name: Shaekeya Danielle Gay, 23
         Alleged Perpetrator: Marcus Tyrell Hargrove, 23
         Relationship: Ex-Boyfriend
         Town: Henderson
         County: Vance
         Weapon: Firearm
  55. Date: August 24, 2017 Murder-Suicide
         Victim Name: Trudy Rosser, 44
         Alleged Perpetrator: Toby Rosser, 40
         Relationship: Husband
         Town: Whitakers 
         County: Nash
         Weapon: Firearm
  56. Date: August 24, 2017
         Victim Name: Allana Mozelle, 32
         Alleged Perpetrator: Teamus Maurice Mozelle, 35
         Relationship: Husband
         Town: Cameron
         County: Harnett
         Weapon: Firearm
         Note: Ms. Mozelle died on August 24 of injuries sustained August 20.
  57. Date: September 1, 2017
         Victim Name: Lauren Ashley-Nicole Phelps, 29
         Alleged Perpetrator: Matthew James Phelps, 28
         Relationship: Husband
         Town: Raleigh 
         County: Wake
         Weapon: Knife
  58. Date: September 1, 2017
         Victim Name: Jeannine Shante Skinner, 35
         Alleged Perpetrator: Donny Lewis Franklin, 45
         Relationship: Boyfriend
         Town: Charlotte
         County: Mecklenburg
         Weapon: Unknown
  59. Date: September 8, 2017 Murder-Suicide
         Victim Name: Glorimar Vega, 36 
         Alleged Perpetrator: Rafael Santiago, 39
         Relationship: Estranged Husband
         Town: Fayetteville 
         County: Cumberland 
         Weapon: Firearm
  60. Date: September 11, 2017
         Victim Name: Florinez Torres Lopez, 36
         Alleged Perpetrator: Fletcher Odell Johnson Jr., 52
         Relationship: Boyfriend
         Town: Fayetteville 
         County: Cumberland 
         Weapon: Knife
  61. Date: September 13, 2017
         Victim Name: Marvin Orlando Frazier, 55
         Alleged Perpetrator: Stephanie Frazier, 45
         Relationship: Wife
         Town: Havelock 
         County: Craven 
         Weapon: Firearm
  62. Date: September 30, 2017
          Victim Name: Briana Shintel Greene, 18
          Alleged Perpetrator: Sherrod Anthony Ford, 22
          Relationship: Ex-boyfriend
          Town: Lillington
          County: Harnett
          Weapon: Knife
  63. Date: October 7, 2017        Victim Name: Devan Skylar Upchurch, 17
          Alleged Perpetrator: Chad Delano Rose, 34
          Relationship: None
          Town: Mount Airy
          County: Surry
          Weapon: Firearm
          Note: Devan died of injuries sustained on September 28, 2017, when Mr. Rose,
          his mother’s boyfriend, shot him and his mother. His mother survived her injuries.
  64. Date: October 19, 2017        Victim Name: Natalie Merrick, 23
          Alleged Perpetrator: Mahmood Bhatti, 28
          Relationship: Boyfriend
          Town: Charlotte
          County: Mecklenburg
          Weapon: Strangulation
          Note: Ms. Merrick was pregnant at the time of her death
  65. Date: October 21, 2017 Murder-Suicide        Victim Name: Nancy Hutchens, 68
          Alleged Perpetrator: Dennis Hutchens, 68
          Relationship: Husband
          Town: Elkin
          County: Surry      Weapon: Firearm
  66. Date: October 24, 2017        Victim Name: Sharon Nicklow, 52
          Alleged Perpetrator: James “Butch” Buttke, Jr., 56
          Relationship: Boyfriend
          Town: Burnsville
          County: Yancey
          Weapon: Firearm
  67. Date: November 11, 2017  Murder-Suicide      Victim Name: Teresa Neal, 56
          Alleged Perpetrator: Ronald Neal, 60
          Relationship: Husband
          Town: Clemmons
          County: Davidson
          Weapon: Firearm
  68. Date: November 22, 2017        Victim Name: Deborah Kay Terry, 55
          Alleged Perpetrator: Donnie Davie Terry, 53
          Relationship: Husband
          Town: Pinnacle
          County: Stokes
          Weapon: Firearm
  69. Date: November 22, 2017        Victim Name: Lena Jackson, 75
          Alleged Perpetrator: Robert Jackson, 81
          Relationship: Husband
          Town: Linden
          County: Cumberland
          Weapon: Firearm
  70. Date: November 24, 2017        Victim Name: Nadia Maher, 38
          Alleged Perpetrator: Michael Anthony Maher, 44
          Relationship: Husband
          Town: Apex
          County: Wake
          Weapon: Firearm
  71. Date: November 2017        Victim Name: Karen Denise Jenkins, 47
          Alleged Perpetrator: Jeremy Lynn Bradshaw
          Relationship: Boyfriend
          Town: Columbus
          County: Polk
          Weapon: Strangulation
          Note:  The exact date of Ms. Jenkin’s death is unknown. Her body was recovered from a well in March 2018.
  72. Date: December 9, 2017  Murder-Suicide      Victim Name: Marina Bravo Aguilar, 37
          Alleged Perpetrator: Antioco Andrade Chacon, 37
          Relationship: Husband
          Town: Charlotte 
          County: Mecklenburg
          Weapon: Firearm
  73. Date: December 9, 2017  
          Victim Name: Asuncion Chacon-Perez, 61
          Alleged Perpetrator: Antioco Andrade Chacon, 37
          Relationship: Son
          Town: Charlotte 
          County: Mecklenburg      Weapon: Firearm
          Note: Ms. Chacon-Perez was allegedly killed by Antioco Andrade Chacon during an incident in which he also shot  
          his wife, Marina Bravo Aguilar. Ms. Chacon-Perez is included in this count because she was killed during a
          domestic violence incident.
  74. Date: December 9, 2017        Victim Name: Harry Max McLaughlin, 44
          Alleged Perpetrator: Roshedia Keisan Bruner, 34
          Relationship: Ex-girlfriend
          Town: Statesville
          County: Iredell
          Weapon: Knife
  75. Date: December 11, 2017        Victim Name: Harold Levette Hoover, 86
          Alleged Perpetrator: Rochelle Scarlett Hoover, 77
          Relationship: Wife
          Town: Trinity
          County: Randolph
          Weapon: Firearm
          Note: This was an alleged attempted murder-suicide but Mrs. Hoover survived her injuries.
  76. Date: December 13, 2017  Murder-Suicide       Victim Name: Nina Christina Martin, 36
          Alleged Perpetrator: James Mark Ferguson, 56
          Relationship: Boyfriend
          Town: Fines Creek
          County: Haywood
          Weapon: Firearm
  77. Date: December 15, 2017  Murder-Suicide      Victim Name: John Derrick Wright, 51
          Alleged Perpetrator: Jason Maurice Griffith, 51
          Relationship: Unknown
          Town: Raleigh
          County: Wake
          Weapon: Firearm
          Note: Mr. Wright’s death is included because he was killed during the same incident in which 
          Mr. Griffith allegedly shot his wife Emma Griffith. Mrs. Griffith survived her injuries.
  78. Date: December 15, 2017  Murder-Suicide      Victim Name: Not yet released
          Alleged Perpetrator: Not yet released
          Relationship: Romantic partners (more info forthcoming after family notification)
          Town: Indian Trail
          County: Union
          Weapon: Firearm
  79. Date: December 22, 2017  Murder-Suicide      Victim Name: Suprena Mercelle Hunter, 50
          Alleged Perpetrator: Maurice Dermot Hunter, 51
          Relationship: Husband
          Town: Charlotte
          County: Mecklenburg
          Weapon: Firearm
  80. Date: December 30, 2017        Victim Name: Jimmy Whitford, 51
          Alleged Perpetrator: Sharon Whitford, 
          Relationship: Wife
          Town: New Bern
          County: Craven
          Weapon: Firearm

Domestic violence is prevalent and lethal. 80 victims lost their lives this year due to perpetrators of domestic violence. The loss is not just of their lives but the impact on their children, families, friends, and communities. In addition, NCCADV recognizes that many of the perpetrators of these domestic violence homicides also lost their lives to suicide or homicide, another cost of domestic violence. In total, 98 lives were lost due to the violent and lethal consequences of domestic violence; 79 victims and an additional 19 perpetrators.  NCCADV continues to work each year to prevent domestic violence homicides through collaborations, innovative trainings, prevention, technical assistance, state policy development and legal advocacy.